[73][74] The men of military age were massacred and the women and children sold into slavery. [294][295] It was said that the bridge was to rival the Persian king Xerxes' pontoon bridge crossing of the Hellespont. CITY COUNCIL / PLANNING & ZONING. ", PUF, 2011. p. xl, Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Warfare, J, Woronoff & I. Spence, Ashrafian H. "The Death of Alexander the Greata Spinal Twist of Fate. During the ensuing Battle of Chaeronea, Philip commanded the right wing and Alexander the left, accompanied by a group of Philip's trusted generals. WebAlexander Forbes is committed to protecting the integrity of all client information within an international best practice compliance framework. This system is the primary tool for students, and is used for many of the Colleges administrative functions and services, including: Admissions apply to AC, check your application status. [60], While Alexander campaigned north, the Thebans and Athenians rebelled once again. [308], In pre-Islamic Middle Persian (Zoroastrian) literature, Alexander is referred to by the epithet gujastak, meaning "accursed", and is accused of destroying temples and burning the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism. Computer Science. Origin: The name Alexander is the Latin form of the Greek name Alexandros. [284] Julius Caesar dedicated a Lysippean equestrian bronze statue but replaced Alexander's head with his own, while Octavian visited Alexander's tomb in Alexandria and temporarily changed his seal from a sphinx to Alexander's profile. Alexander I, Russian in full Aleksandr Pavlovich, (born December 23 [December 12, Old Style], 1777, St. Petersburg, Russiadied December 1 [November 19], 1825, Taganrog), emperor of Russia (180125), who alternately fought and befriended Napoleon I during the Napoleonic Wars but who ultimately (181315) helped form the [66] Alexander left the government of Caria to a member of the Hecatomnid dynasty, Ada, who adopted Alexander. in Pella, Macedonia, to King Philip II. [118] There are both Greek and non-Greek aspects to this design. The cosmopolitan art and mythology of Gandhara (a region spanning the upper confluence of the Indus, Swat and Kabul rivers in modern Pakistan) of the ~3rd century BC to the ~5th century AD are most evident of the direct contact between Hellenistic civilization and South Asia, as are the Edicts of Ashoka, which directly mention the Greeks within Ashoka's dominion as converting to Buddhism and the reception of Buddhist emissaries by Ashoka's contemporaries in the Hellenistic world. The Smyrnaeans sent ambassadors to the oracle at Clarus to ask about this, and after the response from the oracle they decided to move to the "new" city. All three of these people had motive to have Philip murdered. He had a great desire for knowledge, a love for philosophy, and was an avid reader. As a young boy, Alexander was taught to read, write, and play the lyre. More. He says this was Alexander's only unsuccessful project. Alexander and his exploits were admired by many Romans, especially generals, who wanted to associate themselves with his achievements. Computer Science. Movies. Most infamously, Alexander personally killed the man who had saved his life at Granicus, Cleitus the Black, during a violent drunken altercation at Maracanda (modern day Samarkand in Uzbekistan), in which Cleitus accused Alexander of several judgmental mistakes and most especially, of having forgotten the Macedonian ways in favour of a corrupt oriental lifestyle. The satrapies handed out by Perdiccas at the Partition of Babylon became power bases each general used to bid for power. With these victories, he secured his northern frontier. [279][281][282] The Yavanajataka (lit. With the Athenians lost, the Thebans were surrounded. [147], Given the propensity of the Macedonian aristocracy to assassination,[150] foul play featured in multiple accounts of his death. [17], The conquest by Philip II of Pangaeum and then of the island of Thasos between 356 and 342 BC brought rich gold and silver mines under Macedonian control. [94], Alexander then chased Darius, first into Media, and then Parthia. [219], According to Plutarch, Alexander also had a violent temper and rash, impulsive nature,[220] and this could influence his decision making. [205][206][207], Many scholars and historians attribute heterochromia to him. [120], After Aornos, Alexander crossed the Indus and fought and won an epic battle against King Porus, who ruled a region lying between the Hydaspes and the Acesines (Chenab), in what is now the Punjab, in the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326BC. WebLeading promotional products manufacturer since 1943. His father Philip was probably Alexander's most immediate and influential role model, as the young Alexander watched him campaign practically every year, winning victory after victory while ignoring severe wounds. They went on to occupy the city of Elatea, only a few days' march from both Athens and Thebes. AFTERSHOCK STICKER PACK $20.00. He appointed Porus as satrap, and added to Porus's territory land that he did not previously own, towards the south-east, up to the Hyphasis (Beas). Menu. Biology. ", Peter Turchin, Thomas D. Hall and Jonathan M. Adams, ", Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne, Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, pp 158. [246] This episode is also told by Plutarch, probably based on the same source. At the time of his death, Alexander's empire covered some 5,200,000km2 (2,000,000sqmi),[257] and was the largest state of its time. Therefore, since his feet did not reach its lowest step, once of the royal pages placed a table under his feet. Buy Now. WebCity of Alexander, North Dakota 58831. [72] [181] However, the power vacuum he left in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent directly gave rise to one of the most powerful Indian dynasties in history, the Maurya Empire. [61] While the other cities again hesitated, Thebes decided to fight. [107], During the long rule of the Achaemenids, the elite positions in many segments of the empire including the central government, the army, and the many satrapies were specifically reserved for Iranians and to a major degree Persian noblemen. Its finely-grained structure lends a smooth, rich, beefy flavor. WebAlexander Colleges student information system is called MyAC. Suspicion has fallen upon Alexander, Olympias and even the newly crowned Persian Emperor, Darius III. After a long pause due to an illness, he marched on towards Syria. After this, details on the fate of the tomb are hazy.[171]. [23][24][25] Among them were Artabazos II and his daughter Barsine, possible future mistress of Alexander, who resided at the Macedonian court from 352 to 342 BC, as well as Amminapes, future satrap of Alexander, or a Persian nobleman named Sisines. [29], At the age of 16, Alexander's education under Aristotle ended. [78], Alexander advanced on Egypt in later 332 BC, where he was regarded as a liberator. [130], East of Porus's kingdom, near the Ganges River, was the Nanda Empire of Magadha, and further east, the Gangaridai Empire of Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent. WebCity of Alexander, North Dakota 58831. It included: The enormous scale of these plans has led many scholars to doubt their historicity. I HATE ALEXANDER 23 T-SHIRT $35.00. Alexander arranged a double phalanx, with the center advancing at an angle, parting when the chariots bore down and then reforming. [291][292] He began openly mimicking Alexander in his personal style. Alexander founded a series of new cities, all called Alexandria, including modern Kandahar in Afghanistan, and Alexandria Eschate ("The Furthest") in modern Tajikistan. in Pella, Macedonia, to King Philip II. In the spring of 335BC, he advanced to suppress several revolts. Menu. WebAlexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: , romanized: Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. [268], Hellenization was coined by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen to denote the spread of Greek language, culture, and population into the former Persian empire after Alexander's conquest. [134], Alexander sent much of his army to Carmania (modern southern Iran) with general Craterus, and commissioned a fleet to explore the Persian Gulf shore under his admiral Nearchus, while he led the rest back to Persia through the more difficult southern route along the Gedrosian Desert and Makran. Alexander was proclaimed king on the spot by the nobles and army at the age of 20. [149][152] The accounts were nevertheless fairly consistent in designating Antipater, recently removed as Macedonian viceroy and at odds with Olympias, as the head of the alleged plot. ", In 337 BC, Alexander fled Macedon with his mother, dropping her off with her brother, King Alexander I of Epirus in Dodona, capital of the Molossians. [99] He claimed that, while dying, Darius had named him as his successor to the Achaemenid throne. GERIN Dominique, GRANDJEAN Catherine, AMANDRY Michel, DE CALLATAY Franois, La monnaie grecque, "L'Antiquit: une histoire", Ellipse, 2001. p117-119. I HATE ALEXANDER 23 T-SHIRT $35.00. After the defeat, Spitamenes was killed by his own men, who then sued for peace. AFTERSHOCK T-SHIRT $36.00. City of Alexander, North Dakota 58831. top of page. [62] The one exception was a call to arms by Spartan king Agis III in 331BC, whom Antipater defeated and killed in the battle of Megalopolis. Many of these students would become his friends and future generals, and are often known as the "Companions". [216], Alexander's legacy extended beyond his military conquests, and his reign marked a turning point in European and Asian history. CITY PARK. [216] While Alexander worried that his father would leave him "no great or brilliant achievement to be displayed to the world",[217] he also downplayed his father's achievements to his companions. Alexander immediately headed south. He lost another child when Roxana miscarried at Babylon. [161], Several natural causes (diseases) have been suggested, including malaria and typhoid fever. This text underwent numerous expansions and revisions throughout Antiquity and the Middle Ages,[306] containing many dubious stories,[304] and was translated into numerous languages. [146] There are two different versions of Alexander's death, differing slightly in details. [13] During Philip's absence, the Thracian tribe of Maedi revolted against Macedonia. Alexander III of Macedon, better known as Alexander the Great (l. 21 July 356 BCE 10 or 11 June 323 BCE, r. 336-323 BCE), was the son of King Philip II of Macedon (r. 359-336 BCE) who became king upon his father's death in 336 BCE and then conquered most of the known world of his day.. Alexander replied that since he was now king of Asia, it was he alone who decided territorial divisions. Buy Now. [153] Olympias always insisted to him that he was the son of Zeus,[230] a theory apparently confirmed to him by the oracle of Amun at Siwa. This is cited as a reason for sparing Jerusalem. [310] Firdausi's Shahnameh ("The Book of Kings") includes Alexander in a line of legitimate Persian shahs, a mythical figure who explored the far reaches of the world in search of the Fountain of Youth. [17] Some of the cities he founded became major cultural centers, many surviving into the 21st century. Alexander then marched for three days to the Danube, encountering the Getae tribe on the opposite shore. [183] Diodorus, Curtius and Justin offered the more plausible story that Alexander passed his signet ring to Perdiccas, a bodyguard and leader of the companion cavalry, in front of witnesses, thereby nominating him. Leaving Egypt in 331BC, Alexander marched eastward into Achaemenid Assyria in Upper Mesopotamia (now northern Iraq) and defeated Darius again at the Battle of Gaugamela. [316] In medieval India, Turkic and Afghan sovereigns from the Iranian-cultured region of Central Asia brought positive cultural connotations of Alexander to the Indian subcontinent, resulting in the efflorescence of Sikandernameh (Alexander Romances) written by Indo-Persian poets such as Amir Khusrow and the prominence of Alexander the Great as a popular subject in Mughal-era Persian miniatures. [182], Arrian and Plutarch claimed that Alexander was speechless by this point, implying that this was an apocryphal story. [117] The silver coinage had a beardless head of Heracles wearing a lionskin headdress on the obverse and Zeus aetophoros ('eagle bearer') enthroned with a scepter in his left hand, on the reverse. The horse refused to be mounted, and Philip ordered it away. Several examples of capitals displaying Ionic influences can be seen as far as Patna, especially with the Pataliputra capital, dated to the 3rd century BC. [132], As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. [286], Emperor Julian in his satire called "The Caesars", describes a contest between the previous Roman emperors, with Alexander the Great called in as an extra contestant, in the presence of the assembled gods. When "his engineers pointed out to him that because of the height of the mound it would be impossible this encouraged Alexander all the more to make the Macedon was an Ancient Greek polity. Perhaps taking his summons to Babylon as a death sentence[153] and having seen the fate of Parmenion and Philotas,[154] Antipater purportedly arranged for Alexander to be poisoned by his son Iollas, who was Alexander's wine-pourer. [26], Suda writes that Anaximenes of Lampsacus was one of Alexander's teachers, and that Anaximenes also accompanied Alexander on his campaigns. Literally translated, with a commentary, from the Greek of Arrian, the Nicomedian", "Philostratus the Athenian, Vita Apollonii, book 2, chapter 12", "NZ scientist's detective work may reveal how Alexander died", "Was the death of Alexander the Great due to poisoning? [159] Veratrum album poisoning can have a prolonged course and it was suggested that if Alexander was poisoned, Veratrum album offers the most plausible cause. His official historian, Callisthenes of Olynthus, was implicated in the plot, and in the Anabasis of Alexander, Arrian states that Callisthenes and the pages were then tortured on the rack as punishment, and likely died soon after. ISBN 978-0-300-16426-8. causing the mermaid to vanish and the sea to calm. Alexander was the son of King Philip II of Macedonia, a realm north of Greece. This would fit with the intended destination of Alexander's funeral cortege. He reportedly read this passage to his patron King Lysimachus, who had been one of Alexander's generals and who quipped, "I wonder where I was at the time. [318] During the first Italian campaign of the French Revolutionary Wars, in a question from Bourrienne, asking whether he gave his preference to Alexander or Caesar, Napoleon said that he places Alexander The Great in the first rank, the main reason being his campaign on Asia. According to the ancient sources, the two sides fought bitterly for some time. Philip deliberately commanded his troops to retreat, counting on the untested Athenian hoplites to follow, thus breaking their line. [216] However, Ogden calculates that Alexander, who impregnated his partners thrice in eight years, had a higher matrimonial record than his father at the same age. [110], When Alexander set out for Asia, he left his general Antipater, an experienced military and political leader and part of Philip II's "Old Guard", in charge of Macedon. [107][260] The first, and greatest, was Alexandria in Egypt, which would become one of the leading Mediterranean cities. [144] Back in Babylon, Alexander planned a series of new campaigns, beginning with an invasion of Arabia, but he would not have a chance to realize them, as he died shortly after Hephaestion. The name Alexander is also found throughout the New Testament, and there are dozens of Christian saints who bear the name. The types of these coins remained constant in his empire. 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