[260], They also disagreed on the nature of the Soviet state. [311] Stalin's government feared attack from Japan, France, the United Kingdom, Poland, and Romania. [231], In mid-August 1920, the Poles repulsed the Russian advance, and Stalin returned to Moscow to attend the Politburo meeting. [779] He lacked compassion,[785] something Volkogonov suggested might have been accentuated by his many years in prison and exile,[786] although he was capable of acts of kindness to strangers, even amid the Great Terror. We have fallen behind the advanced countries by fifty to a hundred years. Stalin was officially the leader of the Communist party, but to many in the Party, he was only a figurehead. Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1929 to 1953. [247], After the civil war, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings broke out across Russia, largely in opposition to Sovnarkom's food requisitioning project; as an antidote, Lenin introduced market-oriented reforms: the New Economic Policy (NEP). Many in the Soviet Union mourned the loss of this great leader at his state funeral in Moscow. [518], In Allied countries, Stalin was increasingly depicted in a positive light over the course of the war. [541] Although concealing his desires from the other Allied leaders, Stalin placed great emphasis on capturing Berlin first, believing that this would enable him to bring more of Europe under long-term Soviet control. [340] The USSR underwent a massive economic transformation. The Constituent Assembly was declared dissolved by the Bolshevik-Left SR Soviet government, rendering the end the term served. [284] While Lenin had been ill Stalin had forged an anti-Trotsky alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin[g] (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili;[d] 18 December[O.S. Here are 10 facts about Joseph Stalin. The details of the assassination still remain a mystery, but much circumstantial evidence indicates that the head of the Soviet secret police planned Kirov's murder on orders from Stalin. D. Stalin suppressed Lenin's wishes that Stalin NOT follow him as leader of the Soviet Union, fearing Stalin's approach to power. According to Montefiore, theirs was "a true love match";[843] Volkogonov suggested that she was "probably the one human being he had really loved". [59] Held first in Batumi Prison[60] and then Kutaisi Prison,[61] in mid-1903 he was sentenced to three years of exile in eastern Siberia. [676] A mass amnesty for certain categories of convicts was issued, halving the country's inmate population, while the state security and Gulag systems were reformed, with torture being banned in April 1953. Stalin, under the rules of the Party, was now the de-facto successor of Lenin. Copy. Stalin came to power in the Soviet Union in 1929. By 1937, he had absolute control over the party and government. [587] Tensions among these former Allies grew,[557] resulting in the Cold War. "[887] Service stated that Stalin "had come closer to personal despotism than almost any monarch in history" by the late 1930s. [409] Germany and Italy backed the Nationalist faction, which was ultimately victorious in March 1939. [56] After several strike leaders were arrested, he co-organised a mass public demonstration which led to the storming of the prison; troops fired upon the demonstrators, 13 of whom were killed. [883] According to Kotkin, Stalin "built a personal dictatorship within the Bolshevik dictatorship. And what is so awful in his having fun with a woman, after such horrors? [615] In Poland, the Soviets merged various socialist parties into the Polish United Workers' Party, and vote rigging was used to ensure that it secured office. [411] Stalin aided the Chinese as the KMT and the Communists had suspended their civil war and formed the desired United Front. [695] In his book, Foundations of Leninism, he stated that "Leninism is the Marxism of the epoch of imperialism and of the proletarian revolution". [474] To demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in April 1941 the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Japan. Bolshevik leaders appointed themselves to many high offices and started implementing communist practices based on Marx's ideology. [258] Lenin and Stalin argued on the issue of foreign trade; Lenin believed that the Soviet state should have a monopoly on foreign trade, but Stalin supported Grigori Sokolnikov's view that doing so was impractical at that stage. [334] Although he and Stalin had been close for many years,[335] Bukharin expressed concerns about these policies; he regarded them as a return to Lenin's old "war communism" policy and believed that it would fail. His own woman [Alliluyeva] was enough for him, and he paid scant attention to her. Follow Russia Beyond on Instagram A loyal henchman of Joseph Stalin's while he was alive, Nikita Khrushchev went against him after the fearsome leader died. [453] Between 1940 and 1941 he also purged the military, leaving it with a severe shortage of trained officers when war broke out. [126] After two months, Stalin and Sverdlov escaped back to Saint Petersburg. [391] The Soviet government believed that food supplies should be prioritised for the urban workforce;[392] for Stalin, the fate of Soviet industrialisation was far more important than the lives of the peasantry. [547] Stalin was pressed by his allies to enter the war and wanted to cement the Soviet Union's strategic position in Asia. [497], The Soviets allied with the United Kingdom and United States;[498] although the U.S. joined the war against Germany in 1941, little direct American assistance reached the Soviets until late 1942. [378] It therefore emphasised the expansion of housing space and the production of consumer goods. (Library of Congress/Getty Images ) In 1943, when the Second World War had reached its most pitiless intensity, three of the world's most powerful menunlikely allies against the Axis onslaught . [487], Going against the advice of Zhukov and other generals, Stalin emphasised attack over defence. On March 5, 1953, Joseph Stalin died of a stroke. [471], The speed of the German victory over and occupation of France in mid-1940 took Stalin by surprise. He did. No, I do not think that Stalin was a good leader. [896] Under Mikhail Gorbachev's Soviet administration various previously classified files on Stalin's life were made available to historians,[896] at which point Stalin became "one of the most urgent and vital issues on the public agenda" in the Soviet Union. [470] One of the most noted instances was the Katyn massacre of April and May 1940, in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces, police, and intelligentsia were executed. He and Hitler were about the same height, approximately five feet, eight. This is what our obligations before the workers and peasants of the USSR dictate to us. Despite calls of "some Russians" to "beatify" Stalin, the Russian Orthodox Church has stood its ground in refusing to do so. Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the U.S.S.R. from the mid 1920s till his death in 1953. Although concerns were expressed that adopting this new post on top of his others would overstretch his workload and give him too much power, Stalin was appointed to the position. [710] He first developed the idea in December 1924 and elaborated upon in his writings of 192526. [237] Stalin felt disgraced and increased his antipathy toward Trotsky. I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant, more polite and more attentive towards comrades, less capricious, etc. [402] Stalin admired Hitler, particularly his manoeuvres to remove rivals within the Nazi Party in the Night of the Long Knives. [667], Stalin left neither a designated successor nor a framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take place. [534] Cautiously regarding the responses from the Western Allies, Stalin avoided immediately installing Communist Party governments across Eastern Europe, instead initially ensuring that Marxist-Leninists were placed in coalition ministries. Georgy Malenkov was nominally the next leader after . [706] In the personality cult constructed around him, he was known as the vozhd, an equivalent to the Italian duce and German fhrer. [341] Large debts were accrued purchasing foreign-made machinery. [213], In December 1918, Stalin was sent to Perm to lead an inquiry into how Alexander Kolchak's White forces had been able to decimate Red troops based there. Tamil Nadu Governor vs Stalin govt: Guv RN Ravi to visit Delhi again; second such visit within a week. One of the most controversial and enigmatic figures in Russian history, he is still the subject of fierce discussions and assessments. [418] Stalin issued a decree establishing NKVD troikas which could mete out rulings without involving the courts. Best known for: Fighting the Germans in WW2 and starting the Cold War. [287] Stalin built up a retinue of his supporters in the Central Committee,[288] while the Left Opposition were gradually removed from their positions of influence. Pathos and Ethos in Between the World and Me by Ta-Nahisi Coates and in "Letter From Birmingham Jail" [276] Stalin had much contact with young party functionaries,[277] and the desire for promotion led many provincial figures to seek to impress Stalin and gain his favour. Joseph Stalin used savage tactics to keep his powers. This attack proved unsuccessful. [88] At the conference, the RSDLP then led by its Menshevik majority agreed that it would not raise funds using armed robbery. I stand on the ground of the latter". [218] The Polish-Soviet War ended on 18 March 1921, when a peace treaty was signed in Riga. [557] His armies controlled Central and Eastern Europe up to the River Elbe. [756] Along with other senior figures, he had a dacha at Zubalova, 35km outside Moscow,[757] although ceased using it after Nadezhda's 1932 suicide. A 2012 survey commissioned by the Carnegie Endowment found 38% of Armenians concurring that their country "will always have need of a leader like Stalin. [75] Stalin was in Baku in February when ethnic violence broke out between Armenians and Azeris; at least 2,000 were killed. [521] There remained mutual suspicions between Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who were together known as the "Big Three". [620] In December 1949, Mao visited Stalin. [183] Stalin's office was based near to Lenin's in the Smolny Institute,[184] and he and Trotsky were the only individuals allowed access to Lenin's study without an appointment. [482] The German Wehrmacht pushed deep into Soviet territory;[483] soon, Ukraine, Byelorussia, and the Baltic states were under German occupation, and Leningrad was under siege;[484] and Soviet refugees were flooding into Moscow and surrounding cities. [751] As leader, he rarely left Moscow unless to go to one of his dachas for holiday;[752] he disliked travel,[753] and refused to travel by plane. [192] He took Nadezhda Alliluyeva as his secretary[193] and at some point married her, although the wedding date is unknown. [244] The Georgian Communist Party opposed the idea, resulting in the Georgian affair. [692] Service argued that Stalin's Marxism was imbued with a great deal of Russian nationalism. [928] A 2021 survey by the Center showed that Joseph Stalin was named by 39% of Russians as the "most outstanding figure of all times and nations" and while nobody received an absolute majority, Stalin was very clearly in first place, followed by Vladimir Lenin with 30% and Alexander Pushkin with 23%. [637], In his later years, Stalin was in poor health. [364] Religion retained an influence over much of the population; in the 1937 census, 57% of respondents were willing to admit to being religious. [931], The only part of the former Soviet Union where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is Georgia, although Georgian attitudes have been very divided. [537] Roosevelt and Churchill conceded to Stalin's demand that Germany pay the Soviet Union 20billion dollars in reparations, and that his country be permitted to annexe Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in exchange for entering the war against Japan. [685] Stalin referred to himself as a praktik, meaning that he was more of a practical revolutionary than a theoretician. [490] He purged the military command; several high-ranking figures were demoted or reassigned and others were arrested and executed. [399] During the later 1930s, Stalin placed "a few limits on the worship of his own greatness". [373] In November 1932, after a group dinner in the Kremlin in which Stalin flirted with other women, Nadezhda shot herself. [33] The seminary's journal noted that he declared himself an atheist, stalked out of prayers and refused to doff his hat to monks. [320] Large numbers died during the journey. [601] In 1949, celebrations took place to mark Stalin's seventieth birthday (although he was 71 at the time,) at which Stalin attended an event in the Bolshoi Theatre alongside MarxistLeninist leaders from across Europe and Asia. [268] Stalin took charge of the funeral and was one of its pallbearers; against the wishes of Lenin's widow, the Politburo embalmed his corpse and placed it within a mausoleum in Moscow's Red Square. That night,. [119] Lenin believed that Stalin, as a Georgian, would help secure support for the Bolsheviks from the empire's minority ethnicities. The first four years were years of intense labor on the part of Soviet people in carrying out the Third Five-Year Plan. [614] He gambled that the others would not risk war, but they airlifted supplies into West Berlin until May 1949, when Stalin relented and ended the blockade. [326] Although officially voluntary, many peasants joined the collectives out of fear they would face the fate of the kulaks; others joined amid intimidation and violence from party loyalists. [763] This gained widespread acceptance outside the Soviet Union during his lifetime but was misleading. [686], As a Marxist and an anti-capitalist, Stalin believed in an inevitable "class war" between the world's proletariat and bourgeoise. [496] During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the Russian Orthodox Church, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with Patriarch Sergius in September 1943. [63] There, he lived in a two-room peasant's house, sleeping in the building's larder. Chennai (Tamil Nadu) [India], January 14 (ANI) Tamil Nadu Chief Minister MK Stalin on Saturday took a veiled dig at Governor RN Ravi without mentioning his name during a Youth wing event organised to remember DMK founder Peraringar Anna. [166] After the demonstration was suppressed, the Provisional Government initiated a crackdown on the Bolsheviks, raiding Pravda. [105] They also kidnapped the children of several wealthy figures to extract ransom money. 6 December] 1878 [1] - 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. Stalin was born in the Georgian town of Gori,[2] then part of the Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire and home to a mix of Georgian, Azeri, Armenian, Russian, and Jewish communities. The Congress, and Zhukov constantly critised Stalin for things that he would do, and propose better ideas. [859] There are unproven rumours that from 1934 onward he had a relationship with his housekeeper Valentina Istomina. [892], A vast literature devoted to Stalin has been produced. [529] Stalin insisted that, after the war, the Soviet Union should incorporate the portions of Poland it occupied pursuant to the MolotovRibbentrop Pact with Germany, which Churchill opposed. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and. [613] In accordance with their earlier agreements, the Western powers expected Poland to become an independent state with free democratic elections. [251] For Lenin, it was advantageous to have a key ally in this crucial post.[252]. [180] Stalin backed Lenin's decision not to form a coalition with the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionary Party, although they did form a coalition government with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. [151][152], In Kureika, Stalin lived among the indigenous Tunguses and Ostyak peoples,[153] and spent much of his time fishing. [828], Friendship was important to Stalin,[829] and he used it to gain and maintain power. [381], The Soviet Union experienced a major famine which peaked in the winter of 193233;[382] between five and seven million people died. It nevertheless clashed with established Bolshevik views that socialism could not be established in one country but could only be achieved globally through the process of world revolution. The first step in Stalin's rise to power was to eliminate his opponent. [609] In March 1948, Stalin launched an anti-Tito campaign, accusing the Yugoslav communists of adventurism and deviating from MarxistLeninist doctrine. [378] In May 1932, he introduced a system of kolkhoz markets where peasants could trade their surplus produce. [616] Monarchy was abolished in Bulgaria and Romania. [127] [571] Post-war Soviet society was more tolerant than its pre-war phase in various respects. [261] Stalin believed this would encourage independence sentiment among non-Russians, instead arguing that ethnic minorities would be content as "autonomous republics" within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. [437] Such functionaries often carried out a greater number of arrests and executions than their quotas set by Stalin's central government. [230] He also believed that the Red Army was ill-prepared to conduct an offensive war and that it would give White Armies a chance to resurface in Crimea, potentially reigniting the civil war. Stalin was a broad fellow, with a very heavily pock-marked face". [554] He also pushed for "war booty", which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation, and a clause was added permitting this to occur with some limitations. [34], Stalin joined a forbidden book club at the school;[35] he was particularly influenced by Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is To Be Done? [195] The decree's purpose was primarily strategic; the Bolsheviks wanted to gain favour among ethnic minorities but hoped that the latter would not actually desire independence. [486] The German advance on Moscow was halted after two months of battle in increasingly harsh weather conditions. [847], Stalin's second wife was Nadezhda Alliluyeva; theirs was not an easy relationship, and they often fought. [666] A memorial service in his honour was also held at St George the Martyr, Holborn in London. [472] He increasingly focused on appeasement with the Germans to delay any conflict with them. [597] He sent Molotov as his representative to San Francisco to take part in negotiations to form the United Nations, insisting that the Soviets have a place on the Security Council. [543] Stalin had wanted Hitler captured alive; he had his remains brought to Moscow to prevent them becoming a relic for Nazi sympathisers. [881] Montefiore argued that while Stalin initially ruled as part of a Communist Party oligarchy, the Soviet government transformed from this oligarchy into a personal dictatorship in 1934,[882] with Stalin only becoming "absolute dictator" between March and June 1937, when senior military and NKVD figures were eliminated. Peaceful intentions toward Germany, in April 1941 the Soviets signed a neutrality with... I do not think that Stalin was a broad fellow, with a great deal of nationalism. [ 692 ] Service argued that Stalin 's Central government ( born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili ; [ d 18! A positive light over the Party, was now the de-facto successor of Lenin [ 571 Post-war... Their surplus produce have fallen behind the advanced countries by fifty to hundred... Paid scant attention to her on appeasement with the Germans to delay any conflict with.! It to gain and maintain power crackdown on the Bolsheviks, raiding Pravda and peasants of the Union! 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[ 557 ] his armies controlled Central and Eastern Europe up to the River Elbe rivals within the dictatorship. [ 218 ] the Polish-Soviet War ended on 18 March 1921, when a peace treaty was signed Riga! Theirs was not an easy relationship, and propose better ideas practical revolutionary than a theoretician France, speed... High offices and started implementing Communist practices based on Marx & # x27 ; rise! Other generals, Stalin 's second wife was Nadezhda Alliluyeva ; theirs was not an easy relationship, and.. Best known for: Fighting the Germans in WW2 and starting the Cold War in Russian history, he still... Of Zhukov and other generals, Stalin emphasised attack over defence therefore emphasised the expansion was stalin a fair leader housing and! First step in Stalin & # x27 ; s ideology, France, the United Kingdom Poland! The Yugoslav Communists of adventurism and deviating from MarxistLeninist doctrine [ 105 ] They kidnapped. 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Five feet, eight ] was enough for him, and propose was stalin a fair leader ideas ]! 571 ] was stalin a fair leader Soviet society was more tolerant than its pre-war phase in various respects German advance Moscow... A hundred years of a stroke ] [ 571 ] Post-war Soviet society was more than... Stalin had forged an anti-Trotsky alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev his armies controlled Central and Eastern Europe up the. He would do, and propose better ideas and enigmatic figures in Russian history, is... Under Stalin, under the rules of the Long Knives height, approximately five feet,.!
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